Worked explanations
The paper carries one for every question, at the back. These are the three above.
Q1
C
Ch. 2: Investment Planning
Answer: C - Estimating how long money takes to double at a given rate
Because Dividing 72 by the annual percentage rate gives the approximate number of years to double. At 8% that is about 9 years, and the exact answer is 9.01.
It works in reverse too: 72 divided by the years available gives the rate required to double. Both forms are useful for sanity-checking a client conversation without a calculator. Competency Handbook ch. 43
Where the other options lead
- A.Inflation hurdle substituted. The rule is about doubling time, though it can be applied to inflation halving purchasing power.
- B.Withdrawal rule substituted. Sustainable withdrawal rates come from simulation work.
- D.Diversification substituted. The rule has nothing to do with the number of holdings.
Q2
B
Ch. 1: Retirement Savings and Income Planning
Answer: B - Yes, among 403(b) accounts only; they may not be aggregated with IRAs
Because A participant with several 403(b) contracts may total the required amounts and take them from any one or more of those contracts. That aggregation does not extend across to IRAs, and 401(k) accounts may not be aggregated at all. IRS Pub 590-B
Getting this wrong produces a shortfall in one account and an excess in another, and the excise tax attaches to the shortfall. Each 401(k) must pay its own required amount separately.
Where the other options lead
- A.Requirement denied. 403(b) accounts are subject to required distributions.
- C.Aggregation generalised across account types. The categories are separate.
- D.Aggregation denied within the category. 403(b) contracts may be aggregated with each other.
Q3
C
Ch. 2: Investment Planning
Answer: C - Costs are certain and persistent outperformance is not
Because In aggregate investors hold the market, so before costs active management is a zero-sum game and after costs it is negative-sum. Costs are known in advance; skill is not, and identifying it ahead of time has proved very difficult. Bodie, Kane & Marcus, Investments, ch. 11
The secondary argument is tax: low turnover means fewer realised gains distributed to a taxable investor. That advantage disappears inside a retirement account. Competency Handbook ch. 29
Where the other options lead
- A.A guarantee invented. Index funds fall with their markets and can be negative over a decade.
- B.A restriction invented. Active managers hold whatever their mandate allows.
- D.Tax exemption claimed. The advantage is fewer realisations, not exemption.